Chester Himes

1909 (Jefferson City, Mo.) – 1984 (Moraira, Spain)

Hughes, Wright and Ellison were among the writers who befriended Himes when, fresh out of prison, he arrived in New York; Ellison had formerly been in the same class at university as Himes. Wright (by then, the doyen of expatriate black American writers in Paris), welcomed Himes when he moved to Paris, and helped him in many ways. Baldwin, as well as Ellison, was among his colleagues in France. Duhamel, met fortuitously, commissioned, translated and published Himes’ detective stories in his ‘Série noire.’ Himes and his wife fed Van Peebles “for weeks and weeks” in Paris.

Chester Himes knew…

Charles de Montesquieu

Montesquieu

1689 (nr. Bordeaux) – 1755 (Paris)

Montesquieu contributed articles to Diderot’s Encyclopédie and was a close friend, though he avoided over-familiarity with Parisian circles. He visited Swift and Pope during a visit to England, and corresponded with Montagu. His good friend Helvétius tried to dissuade him from publishing some of his opinions, and kept quiet when the book became a public success. Montesquieu was a regular guest of d’Épinay.

Benjamin Franklin

Ben Franklin

1706 (Boston, Mass.) – 1790 (Philadelphia)

Price and Priestley moved in the same radical circles in London, while Priestley and Hume both welcomed him as a guest. He assisted at Voltaire’s masonic initiation. Pringle was a frequent travelling-companion in Europe; Walpole called on the two in Paris, where Franklin was a regular at d’Holbach’s salon. Casanova sat next to him, listening to him discussing aeronautical balloons with Condorcet (who also later persuaded him that slavery and racial inequality were corrupt). Lavoisier and Franklin fixed the lightning-conductors Franklin had invented to a Paris church; Boswell admiringly quoted him to Johnson.

Antonin Artaud

1896 (Marseille) – 1948 (Ivry-s-Seine)

Artaud played the part of Marat in Gance’s film ‘Napoleon’, and the monk Massin in Dreyer’s film ‘The Passion of Joan of Arc.’ He started the Théâtre Alfred Jarry with Vitrac, and frequented Masson’s studio and Prévert’s apartment. Although he left (or was excommunicated from) the Surrealist group, he and Breton were again on speaking terms 10 years later. He corresponded with Barrault, who was vocal in support of his banned radio-play. He played the title-role in a play by Desnos, who also interceded with the director of the asylum where Artaud was given electric-shock treatment.

Allan Ramsay

Alan Ramsay;Allen Ramsay;Allan Ramsey

1713 (Edinburgh) – 1784 (Dover, England)

Hume and Smith together with Ramsay founded an Edinburgh debating society. When Rousseau was staying with Hume in London, he painted his portrait wearing his so-called Armenian costume. Ramsay visited Voltaire twice, and formed with Adam a group of friends in Rome, including Piranesi. Nasmyth was a pupil. Hogarth advertised that buyers of his ‘An Analysis of Beauty’ would get a copy of his friend Ramsay’s ‘Dialogue on Taste’ free.

Alfred Jarry

1873 (Laval, France) – 1907 (Paris)

Influential eccentric and pioneer absurdist. Gourmont produced a magazine with him. He encouraged Rousseau (who painted his portrait and briefly shared living quarters), introducing him to his literary friends. Apollinaire was a friend and sidekick — both destined to become key influences on following generations. He visited Gauguin in Pont-Aven, followed his friend Mallarmé’s cortège in cycling gear and yellow women’s shoes, met Salmon in a literary bar, and gave his pistol to Picasso, who wore it on nocturnal forays. He dedicated ‘Ubu Roi’ to his friend Schwob; Toulouse-Lautrec, Vuillard, and his close friend Bonnard all helped with the stage-set.

Alfred Jarry knew…

Alexis Piron

1689 (Dijon, France) – 1773 (Paris)

Piron is known for his epigrams and comedic monologues. Crébillon, Rameau and Boucher were fellow-members of a singing club: Rameau and he wrote a comic opera together. Voltaire, whom Piron saw as a rival, quarrelled with him, Jean-Baptiste Rousseau was a friend, while Jean-Jacques Rousseau visited to mark his (Piron’s) 80th birthday. His proposed election to the Académie Française (a body he took not wholly seriously) was stymied on the unearthing of an early erotic verse, put to music by Rameau.

Alexander Trocchi

1925 (Glasgow) – 1984 (London)

Trocchi was taught by Morgan in Glasgow, met Beckett in Paris, and was his first publisher in English. His journal ‘Merlin’ also published work by Sartre, Logue, Neruda, Creeley, Éluard, Ayer, Hikmet and Miller. Cocteau reputedly introduced him to hard drugs. Debord wrote “almost amicably” to ‘resign’ him from the Situationist International (Jorn was a fellow-member), then wrote again annulling it. He met Ferlinghetti, Ginsberg and Corso in Paris, as well as his friend Southern and good friend Burroughs. Laing introduced Leary to heroin at Trocchi’s, while he himself (fleeing New York) overdosed Cohen on opium.

Aldous Huxley

1894 (Godalming, England) – 1963 (Los Angeles)

Julian Huxley was his brother, Ward his aunt and literary godmother, and Orwell briefly a pupil. He met Lawrence, Russell, Strachey, Mansfield, Sassoon, Graves, Fry, Woolf and Bell while working as a high-class labourer during WWl; Fry (he said) extended his education, while Lawrence became a close friend. Krishnamurti was both friend and strong influence, Isherwood collaborated on screenplays, Hubble was a confidant, while his fluent French led to his friendship with Stravinsky. Osmond introduced him to mescalin and Leary to LSD, which he took on his deathbed. Woolf described him as a gigantic grasshopper.

Aldous Huxley knew…

Albert Gleizes

1881 (Paris) – 1953 (Avignon)

Metzinger and Gleizes wrote the first theoretical study of cubism, having trialled their ideas through the Sunday discussion-group at Puteaux, run by Duchamp and his brothers. Picabia, Léger, Gris and Delaunay were also regular attenders. Gleizes, Metzinger, Delaunay and Léger got their work shown together at the Salon des Indépendants — in effect, the first cubist show. Cocteau asked Gleizes, in charge of troop-entertainment during WW1, to design Shakespearian sets. Picabia and Laurencin were fellow-exiles in Barcelona, and Duchamp and Picabia close friends when they and Gleizes moved on to New York.